In the series Prospects for Degrowth
Ted Trainer
Previously published 5.4.2024. at The Simple Way
I published Abandon Affluence and Growth in 1985. It was widely ignored, as were all other attempts in that era to draw attention to the absurdity of pursuing growth … until around 2000 when the Degrowth boom took off. The movement is now extremely inspiring, marking the surge of discontent with the old system and the demand for better ways.
However I see the movement as involving some confusions and mistaken initiatives. Following is an attempt to help clarify the way ahead.
The current focus of the movement.
“Degrowth” is not a good descriptor for the movement that has emerged. The movement is asserting a wild variety of criticisms of and alternatives to the present globalised, industrialised, urbanised, financialised, neo-liberal, sexist, grotesquely unequal, extractivist, imperialist etc. world order. Thus the term Degrowth has become “ … a rag-bag of utopian dreams”. A more accurate title might be the “Finally Fed Up With Capitalism” movement. This is highly desirable because it shows that discontent with consumer-capitalist society is now surging. Many of these proposals actually have nothing to do with the reduction of economic growth, or could easily be implemented within an economy that continues to be about growth, such as monetary reform, making trade more equitable, and housing justice.
But Degrowth should be seen essentially in terms of a concern to reduce resource consumption and environmental impact, which means it is essentially about one thing, which is reducing the GDP. Many sub-goals and domains should be seen as possible implications of Degrowth for various sub-fields. At present the impression is given that if you are for Degrowth then you are for all of the above kinds of goals.
The global situation.
Even among Degrowth advocates there is little realisation that the multi-factored global predicament cannot be resolved unless there is an enormous revolution whereby the basic elements within our present economic, political and cultural systems are scrapped and replaced by radically different systems. The crucial point here is that the new lifestyles and systems must be materially very simple.
There is no possibility that the per capita levels of resource consumption in rich countries can be kept up for long or ever extended to all people. This overshoot is the basic cause of the big global problems, including resource depletion, environmental damage, the deprivation of billions in the poor countries, and resource wars.
There is a strong case that if we are to live in sustainable ways that all could share then rich world per capita rates of consumption must be reduced by over 70 %. The common response is the claim that technical advance will enable GDP growth to be “decoupled” from resource and environmental impact. But there is now overwhelming evidence that apart from in some limited areas this is not happening and is not going to happen. If GDP is increased, impacts increases.
The goal must therefore be to eventually shift to lifestyles and systems that enable all to live well on a very small fraction of the per capita resource and environmental impacts we in rich countries have now.
The (largely unrecognised) degrowth conundrum.
Most of the Degrowth literature does not recognise the stunning enormity of this “degrowth conundrum”. Degrowth of the magnitude argued above means phasing out, writing off, scrapping, most of the present amount of factories, corporations, transport, trade, investment, industry, financing, and profit-making. Unfortunately much Degrowth literature assumes that all we need is policy change within the existing system leaving most of these elements more or less as they are.
The most obvious consequence is that capitalism will have to be scrapped. It is a growth system. Its fundamental nature is about investing capital to accumulate more capital to invest in additional productive ventures. If growth even slows the system sickens. Changes of the order required will not and can not be implemented by the policy forming institutions of existing societies. (See below.)
The path to a solution must be framed in terms of enabling people who presently have to produce, sell, buy and consume a lot in order to live satisfactorily, to transition to lifestyles and systems in which they do not have to. This cannot be done other than via a transition to some kind of Simpler Way.
The required alternative.
Over many years I have put forward a The Simpler Way vision, and introduced visiting groups to it at our environmental education site, Pigface Point. Following is an outline.
The basic element in the required sustainable social form must be most people living in small, highly self-sufficient and self-governing, cooperative local communities, willingly embracing far simpler lifestyles and systems. (For the detailed account.) This enables huge amounts of resource, environmental and dollar costs to be avoided. For example, our study of egg supply shows why. We compared the dollar and energy cost of eggs supplied by the normal supermarket path with eggs from backyards and village cooperatives. The dollar and energy costs of the former supply path were found to be in the order of 50 to 200 times those of the latter path.
The supermarket egg has a vast and complex global input supply chain involving things like fishing fleets, agribusiness, shipping and trucking transport, warehousing, supermarkets, sewers, the fertilizer industry, experts in suits using computers… But eggs produced by integrated village cooperatives can avoid almost all of these costs, while enabling immediate use of all “wastes” via closed-loop recycling of nutrients from kitchens back to nearby soils. This can eliminate the need for artificial fertilizers and sewer systems. It’s the same in many other domains such as most other food items, dwelling construction, and clothing supply.
These settlements must be in control of their local economies. They will have town assemblies, many committees and working bees. They will organise a needs-driven economy besides the profit-driven sector. The Pigface Point video includes a model of a typical suburb before and after these kinds of changes have been made.
Most importantly, lifestyles must be frugal and systems and technology must mostly be simple. High tech and IT would be used in research, medicine, communications etc., but would not be very important at the local level, where much production would be enjoyed in craft form. Because we would not be consuming so much, and many things would free from the commons, we would probably need to work for money only two days a week.
Evidence from existing alternative settlements shows how large the resource savings in such settlements can be. For Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage in Missouri they are around 5 – 10% of the US per capita average.
There could still be (small) cities, industrial centres, universities, high-tech hospitals and R and D, etc. When unnecessary production is eliminated there could be more socially-useful R and D than there is now.
To summarise, sufficient Degrowth cannot be achieved without enormous and radical transition to some kind of Simpler Way. Most of the Degrowth literature does not recognise let alone stress this.
Implications for Degrowth strategy.
The movement has given very little attention to strategy (… the subject of my Dec. 2023 Environmental Values article.) Much that might appear to be about strategy is actually only about goals, notably the many statements of desired policies, and accounts of societies regarded as implementing Degrowth visions.
Centralisation, the state.
Most if not all pronouncements explicitly or implicitly assume that strategy must focus on getting the state to implement desired policies. It is about pleading with government to implement Degrowth, or demanding that that it do so, either soon or in the more distant future. This assumes that the state is capable of implementing Degrowth policies … but it is not.
This focus on the state as saviour is most evident within the Marxist/Socialist strand of the movement. Marx’s analysis of capitalism and its contradictions, dynamics and fate are of great importance, but his ideas on the present revolutionary goal and transition process are seriously mistaken, due primarily to the advent of the limits to growth and to Marx’s neglect of culture.
Firstly, Marxists get the goal wrong. They are right about the need to get rid of capitalism but they have a long record of striving to free the forces of production from the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production so that the throttles in the factories can be turned up enabling “…everyone to have a Mercedes.” The foregoing discussion shows that in most respects a satisfactory post-capitalist society must contradict the dominant Socialist vision deriving from Marx. It cannot be capitalist but nor can it be highly industrialised, or state-centred, or globalised, or energy-intensive or affluent or have a high or growing GDP. The alternative social form outlined above cannot be initiated or run by the state. It is about small communities taking control of their fate and running their own affairs. They must do the thinking, discussing, decision making, implementing and monitoring. They are the only ones who know the conditions, the history of the town, the people and the needs. The state cannot make the right decisions for myriads of small towns and villages. In addition Socialist transition strategy mistakenly assumes that we must take state power in order to implement change. But the state cannot create viable local communities; these can only be built by people who have come to want to establish the alternative ways in their towns. Socialists will argue that if we had the state we could enable that, but this would not be possible unless a government with a Degrowth vision had first been elected, by a public that held it. Obviously getting to that cultural situation must be the focus for strategy here and now. If we can do that then the revolution would have essentially been won and structural change would probably be very easy to implement. Work with official bodies such as councils? Within the Transition Towns movement there are often accounts of “degrowth” achievements by local councils. These are welcome but there is are limits to such initiatives. They can advance localism but serious degrowth contradicts the interests of the town chamber of commerce. The chamber of commerce is keen to increase sales and consumption, but degrowth is about dramatic reduction in these, living without consuming so much, and transferring much production to non-monetary forms, such as cooperatives, working bees, and “free” goods. So yes work with councils where we can, but recognise that we will have to do the heavy lifting without them.
Simpler Way Transition theory.
The Degrowth conundrum cannot be solved, in or by, this society. There are several reasons for the claim that the global system is heading for a mega-breakdown. This might wipe us all out but it will open the way for a desirable transition, because it will force people to see that their fate depends on whether they can build local, cooperative, self-sufficient and frugal communities.
This means that our focus must be on taking every opportunity to raise awareness. Simply raising the issues wherever possible is important but the best strategy is probably to get involved in “prefiguring” alternative ways, that is building some of the structures and processes the revolution is for, such as cooperatives, community gardens, community owned swap-shops, our own town employment and aged care arrangements etc. This is happening within the Transition Towns and Ecovillage movements, and especially in many poor countries where tribal and peasant people are “turning away” from the consumer-capitalist system and cooperatively building their own arrangements. For a very impressive example of what’s possible see The Catalan Integral Cooperative.
As local communities take power over their fate the functions left for the central state will decline markedly, as will its power. Town referenda will increasingly make the big decisions and shift national policy to providing for the local communities, as distinct from growing the GDP. This is a classical Anarchist vision.
At this point in time our chances of success might not look so good but this is the path to be worked for.
For related material see thesimplerway.info/
Editors’ note.
Critical, if friendly, responses to Ted’s piece appear in our Prospects for Degrowth Series. Index to the series including the call for contributions HERE.
See
A (friendly) critique of the Degrowth Movement: A Reply by Manuel Casal Lodeiro Manuel Casal Lodeiro
Degrowth, the Movement, the State, Socialism and Marx: A response to Ted Trainer Mark H Burton
The second in our series Prospects for Degrowth
by Vincent Liegey*
A few weeks ago, I wrote a text about the actual situation. It’s been hard not to be flabbergasted… But, is it so new, so surprising? And what to do? I was asked by several readers to translate into English… Enjoy below:
It’s been hard not to be flabbergasted by Donald Trump’s return to the White House. And yet, all we are witnessing is, no more and no less, the most caricatured but assumed, unfiltered form of the dominant model of society that we have been living in for several centuries. We, are the educated, polite Westerners who have always been on the right side of history. The shock, if there is one, is far less brutal for other parts of our societies, our world, for whom the suffering will only continue. Nothing surprises me anymore*…
This system has a name: capitalism, colonial and extractivist, masculinist and brutal, oligarchic and individualistic. Donald Trump’s rise to power only highlights and accelerates the self-destructive and brutal reality of our civilization. This is not a rupture, but a continuity that is as caricatural as it is coherent. The destruction of living things, the explosion of inequalities, the unlimited exploitation and monopolization of territories and finite resources, the techno-scientific headlong rush did not wait for Trump or Musk to exist. Attempts to establish the rule of law in order to regulate or even moralize capitalism are an illusory hope, a cover-up that has put us all to sleep. From now on, things seem clear, at least the debate needs to open up the need for a profound rethink, or even a radical departure from this system.
Obviously, even if it is part of a continuity, it represents a disturbing tragedy that we cannot rejoice in. This tragedy will affect the weakest first and foremost, as well as future generations. It is the result of an imbalance of power that defends the interests of a minority and immediate profit against the general interest and the future. It flies in the face of science and common sense, and risks frightening systemic ecological collapse. It is the result of manipulation, carried out by a mediacentric political system and social networks in the hands of an oligarchy as corrupted as it is cynical, which prefers chaos rather than see its hegemony challenged.
It demonstrates the impasse of liberal democracy, where for several decades now, at the ballot box, it has not been ideas that have won, but the most economically powerful forces. This is confirmation that we are in a plutocracy. The time has come to explore other, more direct and deliberative, forms of democracy, which are more demanding, inclusive and empowering.
In this sense, the current episode is perhaps an opportunity. It clarifies things. It forces all those, who are truly sincere in their progressive and emancipatory aspirations, and in their understanding of ecological reality, to stop kidding themselves. Science has been warning us for decades that there is no such thing as green or sustainable growth, any more than deregulated markets can be moralized. Karl Polanyi was already warning us in the last century of the dangers of such a sham, which had led Europe to the abyss**. Everything has been skilfully ignored and evaded for decades. All alternatives have been eliminated – alterglobalism has been buried. The end of history has fooled us, leaving the way clear for new monsters, infantile, childish and individualistic. Inequality has never reached such levels. At the cost of ecological self-destruction, the consequences of which are already beginning to be felt and are sure to intensify. We know that we’re coming to the end of a civilizational model based on the illusion of infinite growth, hubris and limitlessness.
Eternal growth is incompatible with the most elementary laws of physics. It is to the detriment of living things. We are flirting with thresholds of irreversibility threatening the continuation of the adventure of our living species, homo-sapiens, on the only livable planet we know, Earth.
Drill, baby, drill. Unfortunately, ecological collapse is happening before the resources to fuel it run out. There is still far too much fossil fuel left to continue this self-destructive headlong rush. Biden, Obama, Van der Leyen and Macron, to take just a few examples, had neither the capacity nor the intention to stop the hemorrhage, so much so that our civilizational model still depends on fossil fuel. In all likelihood, with or without Trump, it will only stop under physical duress. When the party’s over. But the end of growth is inevitable, and pressing the extractivist gas pedal will only speed things up. One cannot negotiate with reality, even less with always more delirious slogans or fake news.
Nor will growth solve deep-seated structural problems, whether economic (debt, inequality), social or democratic. Growth, which is increasingly difficult to achieve, has not created more well-being in wealthy societies for several decades. On the contrary, the price being paid is appalling, not to mention that it comes at the expense of the Global South, still exploited in the name of so-called development. This headlong rush is not going to abate.
On the contrary to what ballot box results might suggest, the basic cultural hegemony is not Trumpism. Majorities seem to aspire to break with this dominant system based on the always-more mania and a techno-solutionism that convinces only a minority of believers. Unfortunately, this is not enough to reverse an unequal balance of power, or counterbalance a democratic system that is weak, obsolete and even toxic in relation to the challenges we face. Citizens are ready for change, but only on two conditions: social justice and democracy. The first, beyond strong and necessary redistribution, relies on the wealthiest to set an example. The second is based on real, direct democracy, citizens’ deliberations, so that they can play an active role in political change, far removed from the appalling spectacle of beauty contests and electioneering.***.
As always, what is expected is security, tranquility, and the freedom to be and to think. Today these, historically left-wing and progressive values, have been snatched up by so-called strongmen who understand the plebs. Through incompetence and inconsistency, they have also appropriated historically progressive notions such as peace, and hijacked them to impose their brutality.
I’m writing this from Budapest, Hungary, where I have been living for the past twenty years. This country, and more precisely the regime that has been in place for the past 15 years and of which I am a privileged witness, is a laboratory that inspired Trump 2025. It shows that the collapse is above all moral, so great is the gap between rhetoric and reality. The rule of law and truth are in retreat, and legislative and social brutality are taking over. The result is demoralization and withdrawal. It’s the cult of the arbitrary and the law of the strongest. The collapse is also the collapse of living together. In spite of everything, life goes on and everyday life is far more complex and often more beautiful, in good times and bad, than the speeches and the nauseating atmosphere that has been created…
The current worrying, staggering, exhausting and demoralizing period can and must be an opportunity to finally ask ourselves the right questions. It’s a concern of clearly defining the real political cleavages. The choice is between degrowth or barbarism. Barbarism is here, the barbarism of self-destructive limitlessness, imposed and at the service of a minority. Degrowth means accepting that we are coming to the end of a civilizational model that is as unsustainable as it is undesirable. This system has a name: capitalism and its neo-liberal, even illiberal and libertarian excesses, accompanied by productivism, extractivism, post-colonialism and techno-scientism. It’s time to break free.
In this asymmetrical war, where the balance of power is so unequal, the challenge is first and foremost to survive, individually and collectively, but also psychologically, in the face of the flood of nonsense imposed on us. It’s a question of maintaining and protecting ethics, values, culture and principles, but also of living together in spirit and in practice.
To achieve this, we must not fall into the traps set by the current political agenda or their themes. We must resist, without exposing ourselves, head-on. We must do so with subtlety and ingenuity, to protect the spaces, breathing territories, of what’s left of the rule of law. We need to create and re-create mutual aid and solidarity, informal and decentralized but connected, rooted in reality and open to the world…
Finally, we need to prepare for the aftermath, which may come too soon or too late. Their madness has an end, so let’s think about it and start building the new, sustainable and convivial worlds that the majority of us aspire to see emerge.
To achieve this, we need to relaunch a large, multi-diverse, decentralized movement. We need to flee social networks and mainstream media to write the true story of everyday life. Tomorrow’s worlds are built on reality. We need to tell a counter-narrative of the good life, of common decency, of hope, with creativity, solidarity, audacity… and joy. Which is what we need now more than ever!
Vincent Liegey
Vincent Liegey is an engineer, interdisciplinary researcher, writes and lectures on degrowth, and is a coordinator of international degrowth conferences and of Cargonomia, a practical degrowth centre in Budapest.
* In song it’s better: Tiken Jah Fakoly – Plus rien ne m’étonne (from which I freely took inspiration for the title of my article).
** Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 1944
*** Vincent Liegey, Décroissance ou Barbarie, Revue Esprit, 2024
Illustration: DegrowthUK snail superimposed on map of Europe – part of globe Image by librarianlady from Pixabay
Vincent Liegey
Co-auteur de Sobriété (La Vraie) : Mode d’Emploi et de Décroissance, Fake or Not (Tana Editions, 2023 et 2021).
Ingénieur, chercheur interdisciplinaire, essayiste et conférencier autour de la Décroissance – Co-coordinateur de la coopérative sociale Cargonomia.
Co-author of Exploring Degrowth (Pluto Press, 2020). Interdisciplinary researcher, lecturer and freelance writer on Degrowth, coordinator of Cargonomia, Degrowth research and experimentation center.
Readers might be interested to hear this interview with Vincent – alert: it’s on Spotify and requires DRM to be allowed in browser.
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